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Towers Touchingprettyexposedmomanddaughter Ar Reviews Asp Go Out With Exquisite Females female medical workers in ancient china
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Touchingprettyexposedmomanddaughter fem Towers lsearch pa Asp i Reviews ntsearch. Reviews Asearchc Asp rsearchisearchg t Towers t Touchingprettyexposedmomanddaughter e Reviews en Touchingprettyexposedmomanddaughter ao Towers ysearchn Reviews i 本草衍义，a
book written during the Song dynasty, female patients were required to
wrap their wrists with cloth so that male doctors might not make contact
with their skin while feeling their pulse." 8 Later a myth was made up
in novels that an able doctor could feel a pulse by putting his fingers
at one end of a thread while the other end was connected to the wrist
of the female patient, The feudal shackles, however , fell more heavily
on widows, who were expected to be
faithful
to their dead husbands to their own end. In Yuan dynasty, for example,
a widow had a "mammary sore"( rutong 乳痛，mastitis
or more probably carcinoma) and others advised her to go to see doctors.
" I am a widow. How can I let males see me," she replied. Finally she
died of the illness . 9 Another example was a certain Madam Hu, who was
paised as a "chaste widow." Sticken with disease and when her family was
about to send for a doctor, she said to her father "A widow's hand should
not be inspected by males." Again she died without taking any treatment.10
They would not even let themselves be examined, let alone have their babies
born with male's assistance. Such being the case, the presence of female
doctors was a blessing for
The
average woman at the time . Thirty one cases were recorded in Medical
Cases with Annotation by a Female Doctor (Nuyi zayan 女医杂言),
a book written by Tan Yunxian 谈允贤
in the Ming dynasty. All the patients were females and, according to Tan,
most of them were "her acquaintances who were unwilling to be treated
by male doctors."11 It is thus clear that social demand was the primary
cause for the Continual existence of female doctors.
Professional
Specialties of Female Doctors
As
revealed by the statistics on female doctors I have collected, most of
them were concentrated in obstetrics, gynecology, pediatrics and minor
surgery. Being females themselves, they were privileged in obstetrical,
gynecological and pediatric practice. Just as Zhu En 朱恩
said in his preface to Medical Cases with Annotation by a Female Doctor,
As
I heard from male doctors, they would rather treat ten men than a woman.
It is not because they can learn very little from women as a result of
the ethical barrier between men and women, but rather because the nature
differs between the two sexes. The female doctor, based on her understanding
of her own nature, can easily understand the female patient's nature,
and they are bound to succeed.12
From
the cases reported in the above book, one can see that the patients who
visited Tan Yunxian were willing to reveal their privacy so that she was
well-informed and could easily offer correct diagnoses and good advice.
For example, one woman became ill out of anger when her husband took a
concubine after he rose in social position. Another woman became ill with
anxiety because she had not yet born a son and she was afraid that her
husband might take a concubine using this as an excuse. Of course, they
would not reveal such social-psychological precipitating factors to male
doctors. On the other hand, Tan Yunxian herself had "menstrual disorders"
and other common gynecological diseases. She had also giver birth to four
children and thus she knew much more than her male counterparts how to
treat female patients. Besides, as a mother herself, she had good experience
in caring for children. One day, a rich woman brought an eight-year old
girl to her, saying the girl had protracted diarrhea and it persisted
for a long time. When Tan learned that the girl was the mother's only
daughter, she thought "spoiling would lead to excessive eating and improper
diet which was likely to result in dyspepsia." She prescribed Baohe pill
保和丸
(a prescription indicated especially for indigestion) and moxibustion,
and the girl was promptly cured.
Although
female doctors were privileged in gynecology, obstetrics and pediatrics,
they were limited in other fields and in their practices. Tan Yunxian,
for example, practiced Medicine only in the country among her acquaintances.
After she completed the book, she was not in a position to publish it.
As she wrote in her book, "I do hope to solicit comments on my writing
but, being a woman I cannot go out myself, so I have to ask my son to
have blocks cut for printing." Thus the limitation imposed upon women
(their being prohibited from contacting males outside their home) confined
their practices to women and children
Medical
Education and Social Status of Female Doctors in Ancient China
Many
types may be distinguished among female doctors in ancient China and various
levels of education were available to each type of them. A good many of
them did not receive any systematic education and they earned their living
simple by suing the few prescriptions or skills they picked up form other
and the little experience they acquired form the few cases they happened
to treat. Yet there were a few who received formal training. This training
was not, however, on a par with what male doctors received. No female
student ever attend official medical school in any dynasty. Most of the
female doctors received their training form their families.
Those
professional female doctors who received systematic training were the
best of then and most women received their training form their "medical
families"-usually form her husband's family but occasionally form her
own family. To monopolize their skills, most medical families kept their
knowledge secret and only passed it on to sons and daughters-in-law but
not t their daughters married into other families. This is the reason
why there were so many cases where both mother-in-law and daughter-in-law
were doctors . For example, in the medical family of the Guos 郭氏
-which had earned a reputation in gynecology since the Song dynasty-,
female doctors of several generations (respectively nee Feng冯,
Wu吴,
and Mao毛")
enjoyed good fame. In the medical family specialized in pediatrics in
the Ming dynasty, Madam Cheng程
nee Fang方
was the daughter-in-law of Madam Cheng程
nee Jiang蒋
. There were a few female doctors, however, who received their training
from their own parent's family. In families that had no son or whose son(s)
would follow other professions, it was possible for the daughter to inherit
the shills. The above mentioned Tan Yunxian learned from her grandfather
and grandmother, for her father's generation changed to an official career
and no one except her would be able to carry forward medical tradition.
Unlike
their male counterparts who often learned skills form a certain master
with the purpose of setting up their own clinics right after they completed
their apprenticeship, women in the profession. Received medical training
largely to assist the males in their family by doing some supporting work.
One important source of male doctors was those would-be scholars who failed
the official examination. This was impossible for females who were not
qualified to take the official examination at all. Most male doctors were
not from medical families and many officials and learned men studied medicine
out of personal interest. Even after they became prominent physicians,
they did not rely on medicine to make a living. No such examples were
found among female doctors. Family training was the standard mode of education
for them and few female doctors were known who received systematic training
outside the family. While they might be very skilled in certain medical
techniques, they rarely made any theoretical contributions. The extant
medical works contributed by them were mostly case records or summaries
of their clinical experience. This may be attributed to their limited
training.
In
contrast to the family-based female doctors, many itinerant female healers
were active throughout the land, rendering their service to the bottom
of society sometimes in the city but largely in the country, where Confucian
ethics had little influence. Few of them received ant formal training.
There such a variety of them that no single picture of then can be presented.
Some of them were nuns or simply witches. They sold hers, which were often
professed as "secret recipes," "magic drugs" or "panacea." They acted
as midwives who might assist with abortions sometimes. Among them, midwifery
was a stable profession throughout the dynasties. Yet they were among
the most despised in the society, usually classified together with fortune-tellers,
sorceresses, matchmakers, middlemen, or even procuresses. In novels written
in the Ming and Qing dynasties, they were often depicted as women who
earned their living by dishonest means.
Although
some of them were experienced, midwives generally had little technical
competence. They simply could do nothing in cases of difficult labor.
There went a saying in the Han dynasty that, during delivery, there was
"only one survival after ten deaths." According to Yang Kanghou杨康侯,
a physician in the Song dynasty, "there are very few good midwives and
death is often the outcome." As was also pointed out by Chen Zhidao 陈治道,
the author of safe delivery (Baochan wanquan fang保产万全方)
in the Ming dynasty, "it is precarious to risk two lives on a midwife."
A steady and experienced midwife might save the life of both the mother
and infant, but this is purely chance and the not the consequence of good
knowledge and skill. In contrast, a rude and ignorant quack might turn
an otherwise uneventful case into a difficult one and, frightened by the
unexpected outcome out of her wits, she might even take the opportunity
to blackmail the family though death of at least the infant was usually
the case. In Supplement to the Classified Medical Records of Distinguished
Physicians (Xu mingyi leian续名医类案),
one can see an account of a midwife in the Yuan dynasty who broke the
arm of an infant leading to its death in the womb. Much criticism was
directed at midwives for their lack of technical competence and morality.
Many female healers used witchcraft to deify their skill. During the Song
dynasty, a certain Madam Zhang 张
practiced witchcraft while performing acupuncture on her patients. And
in the Qing dynasty, Madam Li李
, a female healer in Shunyi顺义
County, was famous for her magic arts as well as her art of healing. With
the effects much tauted, she became praised as the "Old Buddha of Western
Hills" (Xishan laofo西山老佛
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