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Towers Touchingprettyexposedmomanddaughter 2009 July Tag Ashton Kutcher Go Out With Exquisite Females female medical workers in ancient china
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them. A famous example
was Su Nu素女(Plain
Girl); the two classics of Pulse Diagnosis of Su Nu素女脉诀
and Classic of Su Nu素女经
were known under her name, the latter being a book on chamber technique
(sexology).1
Many stories passed from dynasty to dynasty with approbation for the successful
treatment of queens by female doctors who were then conferred with titles
of honor. A certain Madam Feng in the Song dynasty, for instance, was
conferred the title of An Guo Lady 安国夫人
(the Lady Who Brought Relief to the Nation ) after she cured the suffering
of the Empress Dowager. Her descendants used to boast of their skills
by citing this story.2 Also recorded in history were clinics and drugstores
owner by female doctors. One of the reasons that competent female doctors
earned respect was simply because they were female." How could a female
be working as unless she had some unique life-saving skill?" Taking advantage
of such psychology, two famous families in the Ming dynasty ,the Jins
金
and the Tangs 汤,
fabricated myths of prominent female physicians in their families. Among
their ancestors, "two girls were born capable of writing such books as
Gynecological Prescriptions (NuKe yifang 女科医方)，"
they said ,and this easily won them respect.3
As indicated by many historical documents, outstanding female doctors
enjoyed respect equal to their male counterparts. For example, a detailed
account was engraved on a stone tablet of a certain Madam Han 韩医妇
in the Ming dynasty who cured cases of dysphagia.4 Theories based on the
treatment of three cases of gynecological disorders by the famous female
doctor, Li Guiyuan 李闺媛
,were recorded in detail in literary sketches of the Qing dynasty.5 Despite
all these, however, the female doctors were far less represented compared
with their male counterparts.
The
cause of this exclusion should be sought in the social institution prevailing
at that time assigning women a certain social role. The "three obediences
and four virtues"(三从四德)
were the standards expected of women in ancient China .In the past, the
labor was divided in such a way that "men are in charge of external affairs
while women are in charge of internal affairs." As a result, the social
roles of the female were always supporting ones, roles subordinate to
the male roles. And that is why women were never able to give full play
to their talents in the fields of science and technology, with medicine
being no exception.
Nevertheless,
unlike astronomy and geography, medicine has a much greater social dimension
and, owing to social demand , female doctors have always been indispensable.
To protect the integrity of the imperial harem, specialized female doctors
were appointed at least as early as the Han dynasty .6 As decreed by the
Ming government , "(male) doctors are not allowed to enter the palace
of imperial concubines and, in case of disease, the concubines shall be
given herbs as considered appropriate based on their complaints." 7 In
view of cases of adultery between imperial concubines and external officals
in late Yuan dynasty, the first emperor of the Ming dynasty issued thisdecree,
prohibiting male doctors to edter the palace of the imperial concubines
. From then on, Selected maids and eunuchs were trained to take care of
the concubines and, sometimes, midwives were called in from outside as
the need arose.
Feucal
ethics came to their peak during the Song dynasty, when the apologists
went so far as to say :"A woman should rather die of Hunger than lose
her chastity." Male doctors found it more and more Difficult dealing with
female patients. According to the Bencao yanyi 本草衍义，a
book written during the Song dynasty, female patients were required to
wrap their wrists with cloth so that male doctors might not make contact
with their skin while feeling their pulse." 8 Later a myth was made up
in novels that an able doctor could feel a pulse by putting his fingers
at one end of a thread while the other end was connected to the wrist
of the female patient, The feudal shackles, however , fell more heavily
on widows, who were expected to be
faithful
to their dead husbands to their own end. In Yuan dynasty, for example,
a widow had a "mammary sore"( rutong 乳痛，mastitis
or more probably carcinoma) and others advised her to go to see doctors.
" I am a widow. How can I let males see me," she replied. Finally she
died of the illness . 9 Another example was a certain Madam Hu, who was
paised as a "chaste widow." Sticken with disease and when her family was
about to send for a doctor, she said to her father "A widow's hand should
not be inspected by males." Again she died without taking any treatment.10
They would not even let themselves be examined, let alone have their babies
born with male's assistance. Such being the case, the presence of female
doctors was a blessing for
The
average woman at the time . Thirty one cases were recorded in Medical
Cases with Annotation by a Female Doctor (Nuyi zayan 女医杂言),
a book written by Tan Yunxian 谈允贤
in the Ming dynasty. All the patients were females and, according to Tan,
most of them were "her acquaintances who were unwilling to be treated
by male doctors."11 It is thus clear that social demand was the primary
cause for the Continual existence of female doctors.
Professional
Specialties of Female Doctors
As
revealed by the statistics on female doctors I have collected, most of
them were concentrated in obstetrics, gynecology, pediatrics and minor
surgery. Being females themselves, they were privileged in obstetrical,
gynecological and pediatric practice. Just as Zhu En 朱恩
said in his preface to Medical Cases with Annotation by a Female Doctor,
As
I heard from male doctors, they would rather treat ten men than a woman.
It is not because they can learn very little from women as a result of
the ethical barrier between men and women, but rather because the nature
differs between the two sexes. The female doctor, based on her understanding
of her own nature, can easily understand the female patient's nature,
and they are bound to succeed.12
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